
Abbreviations
ACS: American College of Surgeons; B: Billion; CDC: Centers for Disease
Control; COVID-19: Coronavirus Diseases 2019; DOI: Digital Object Identifier;
HGHI: Harvard Global Health Institute; HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act; ICU: Intensive care unit; IHME: Institute for Health Metrics
and Evaluation; I/ICU: Inpatient and intensive care unit; LB: Lower bound;
M: Million; MDC: Major diagnostic category; MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report; MS: Truven MarketScan; NHLBI: National Heart, Lung, And
Blood Institute; NIH: National Institutes of Health; OSF: Open Science
Foundation; STROBE: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies
in Epidemiology; UB: Upper bound; US: United States
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
JET, JH had full access to all the data in the study, takes responsibility for the
integrity of the data, the accuracy of the data analysis, and the integrity of
the submission as a whole, from inception to published article. JET, HH, BSB,
JC, MM, JJH, JH conceived study design; JET, HH, BSB, JC, MM, JJH, RD, BK,
AJC, JH contributed to data acquisition and analysis; JET, HH, JJH, JH drafted
the work; all authors revised the article for important intellectual content,
had final approval of the work to be published, and agree to be accountable
to for all aspects of the work.
Funding
JET is supported by a career development award (K23HL141596) from the
National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of
Health (NIH). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does
not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of
Health. None of the funding sources were involved in the design or conduct
of the study, collection, management, analysis or interpretation of the data,
or preparation, review or approval of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
To facilitate research reproducibility, replicability, accuracy and transparency,
the associated analytic code is available on the Open Science Foundation
[20] (OSF) repository, [DOI https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U53M4]at
[https://osf.io/u53m4]. The data that support the findings of this study were
obtained under license from Truven. Data were received de-identified in ac-
cordance with Section 164.514 of the Health Insurance Portability and Ac-
countability Act (HIPAA).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study did not meet criteria for review by the Institutional Review Board
at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA according to United
States law under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA) as all data was fully de-identified.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
JET received modest financial support for speakers fees from LivaNova and
from Philips Healthcare, outside of the work. The other authors declare that
they have no competing interests.
Author details
1
Surgical Population Analytic Research Core (SPARC), Department of Surgery,
University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
2
Department of Population
Health Sciences, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Received: 14 May 2020 Accepted: 25 November 2020
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