Critical Evaluation and Optimization of the
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Diagrams of
the CaO-AI2Oa, AI203-SiO2, and CaO-AI203-SiO2 Systems
GUNNAR ERIKSSON and ARTHUR D. PELTON
All available thermodynamic and phase diagram data have been critically assessed for all phases
in the CaO-A1203, A1203-SiO2, and CaO-A1203-SiO2 systems at 1 bar pressure from 298 K to
above the liquidus temperatures. All reliable data for the binary systems have been simulta-
neously optimized to obtain, for each system, one set of model equations for the Gibbs energy
of the liquid slag and all solid phases as functions of composition and temperature. The modified
quasichemical model was used for the slag. With these binary parameters and those from the
optimization of the CaO-SiO2 system reported previously, the quasichemical model was used
to predict the thermodynamic properties of the ternary slag. Two additional small ternary pa-
rameters were required to reproduce the ternary phase diagram and ternary activity data to within
experimental error limits. The calculated optimized phase diagram and thermodynamic prop-
erties are self-consistent and are the most reliable currently available estimates of the true values.
I. INTRODUCTION
IN
a thermodynamic "optimization," all available
thermodynamic and phase equilibrium data for a system
are evaluated simultaneously in order to obtain one set
of model equations for the Gibbs energies of all phases
as functions of temperature and composition. From these
equations, all of the thermodynamic properties and the
phase diagram can be back-calculated. In this way, all
the data are rendered self-consistent and consistent with
thermodynamic principles. Thermodynamic property data,
such as activity data, can aid in the evaluation of the
phase diagram, and phase diagram measurements can be
used to deduce thermodynamic properties. Discrepancies
in the available data can often be resolved, and inter-
polations and extrapolations can be made in a thermo-
dynamically correct manner. A small set of model
parameters is obtained. This is ideal for computer stor-
age and calculation of properties and phase diagrams.
We are currently engaged in a systematic analysis of
oxide systems with a view to developing a comprehen-
sive database for molten and solid oxide phases for the
system SiOz-A1203-CaO-MgO-MnO-FeO-Na20-K20-
TiO2-Ti203-ZrO2-S. The first stage has been the opti-
mization of all binary subsystems and is now completed.
In a second stage, models are used to predict the thermo-
dynamic properties of ternary solutions from the opti-
mized model parameters of the constituent binaries.
Ternary phase diagrams can be calculated from these es-
timated properties. The predictions are compared with
measured ternary properties and phase diagrams, when
these are available, and when necessary, small opti-
mized ternary parameters are added. Finally, from the
optimized binary and temary parameters, thermo-
dynamic properties and phase diagrams of multi-
component systems can be predicted. The present article
GUNNAR ERIKSSON, Associate Researcher, and ARTHUR D.
PELTON, Co-Director, are with the Centre for Research in
Computational Thermochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, PQ,
Canada H3C 3A7.
Manuscript submitted October 5, 1992.
reports on the evaluation of the CaO-A1203 and A1203-
SiO2 binary systems and the CaO-A1/O3-SiO2 ternary
system. The optimization of the CaO-SiO2 system was
reported previously, m
For the molten slag phase, we have used our modified
quasichemical model, f2-131 Details of the model have been
given previously, t2'41 and the equations for binary sys-
tems have been summarized in a recent submission to
this journal, tl3] A brief outline of the model for a ternary
system is given below. This includes, for the first time,
a description of the inclusion of ternary terms. All tem-
peratures in this article have been corrected to the In-
ternational Temperature Scale of 1990.
II. THE MODIFIED
QUASICHEMICAL MODEL
In a molten slag AO~-BO,-CO~, we consider the for-
mation of second nearest-neighbor
(i-j)
bonds from
(i-i)
and
(j-j)
bonds:
(A- A)+ (B- B)=2(A-B) [11
(B-B) + (C-C)=2(B-C) [21
(C-C)+(A-A)= 2(C-A) [3]
The Gibbs energy changes for these reactions are rep-
resented by (WAB -- T/ABT), (W~C -- T/BcT) and (WCA --
T/cAT).
Let the mole fractions of the components be XA =
XAO x,
Xa = XBoy,
and Xc =
Xco,.
Equivalent fractions are then
defined as:
YA = bAXA/(bAXA + bBX~ +
bcXc) [4]
and similarly for Ya and Yc, where
b A,
bB, and bc are
constants. Letting
Xq
be the fractions of each type of
bond in solution, equilibrium constants are obtained for
Reactions [1] through [3]:
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993--807
X~ [ (wo--~7~jT) ] [5]
KiJ - x~xjj = 4 exp
-2
zRT
Three mass balance equations may be written as
2YA
= 2XAA ~- XAB ~- XCA [6]
2YB = 2XBB + XBc + XAB [7]
2Yc = 2Xcc + XCA + XBc [8]
The molar enthalpy, nonconfigurational eptropy, and
configurational entropy of mixing are given by
: (bAXA -'}-
bBXB +
bcXc)
9 (XAB O)AB -}- XBCOJBC -]- XCAtOCA)/2 [9]
AS nC
-- (bAXA q-
bBXB +
bcXc)
9 (XAB'I~AB + XBC'I'~B C "~- XCAr/CA)/2
[10]
AS c
= -- R(X A
In XA + XB In XB + Xc In
Xc)
Rz
-- -- (bAX A -C
bBX B -+-
b~c)
2
XA A XBB XCC
9
XAA In
,-7S- + X~u In ~ + X~ In --
Y), Y~ Yc
XAB XBc
+ XAB In -- + XBc in --
2YAYB 2YBYc
XCA ]
+ XCA In 2YcYAJ [11]
where, as explained previously, 12,41 the appropriate val-
ues of the constants z and
bi
are z = 2, bsio = 1.3774,
bca o = bsioJ2,
and bAj %
5 = 3bsi~ 4"
Equations for the
partial mol~ar properties can also-be written, t2,41 Equa-
tions for any binary subsystem are obtained by simply
setting one component mole fraction to zero in Eqs. [4]
through [ 1 1 ].
Given a composition and values of the energies (~oq -
"%T), Eqs. [41 through [8] can be solved to give the bond
fractions
Xo,
which can then be substituted into Eqs. [9]
through [1 1] to give the thermodynamic properties. The
solution of Eqs. [4] through [8] is very similar to a com-
plex gas-phase equilibrium calculation involving diatom-
ic molecules, and can be performed by similar numerical
algorithms9
When (tOAB -- T/ABT) is negative, Reaction [1] is shifted
to the right and the solution is structurally ordered, with
A-B pairs predominating over A-A and B-B pairs. When
(tOAa -- ~TAaT) is positive, clustering occurs. When all
(o9~ - "riot )
are set to zero, the solution is ideal. The
relationship of the modified quasichemical model, when
applied to molten slags, to other models of molten sili-
cates, such as cell models tl4,151 and to the Toop and Samis
model, I16~ has been discussed previously. I~,a,41
In each binary system, (t% - r/,~T) is expanded as a
polynomial in the equivalent fractions. For example, in
the A-B binary system,
OAB = W0<Am + <Ol(AmY~ + ~O2<AmY~
+ O)3<AB,Y 3 q-
[12]
T]AB = ~0(AB) ~- "01(AB)YB at- TI2(AB) Y2 q- T/3(AB~Y 3 +
[13]
The coefficients
OJk(AB )
and ~Tk<aA) are the binary model
parameters which are obtained by optimization of the bi-
nary data. Nonlinear least-squares optimization software
has been written for this purpose. I6,~71
In order to estimate the thermodynamic properties of
the ternary slag from the optimized binary parameters,
it is necessary to approximate oJij and ~70 in the ternary
solution from their values in the binaries. For ternary
silicate slags, AOx-BO/SiO2 (abbreviated A-B-C), very
good results have been obtained by letting
WBC
and WCA
(and ~c and r/CA) be constant along lines of constant
SiO2 content, Yc, while WAB and r/AB are assumed con-
stant along lines of constant
YA/YB"
For basic slags, this
approximation has been shown 131 to be consistent with
Conformal Ionic Solution Theory. When AO~ and BOy
are both basic oxides (CaO, MgO, MnO, FeO, Na20,
K20), quantitative or nearly quantitative predictions of
measured ternary thermodynamic properties and phase
diagrams have been obtained 14'5'7-9'11'121 with no addi-
tional ternary terms. For the CaO-AI203-SiO2 system,
two additional small ternary parameters were required,
as discussed subsequently in Section VII.
III. PURE COMPONENT PROPERTIES
The thermodynamic properties of SiO2, A1203, and CaO
used in the evaluations are given in Table I. For SiO2,
enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity expressions for all
solid phases were taken from Berman
et al. t~sj
The melt-
ing point and values of A/~},,, and A~,, at the melting
point were taken from the JANAF Tables. 1191 An expres-
sion for Cp(1) was obtained from the tabulated values, tlgl
Below the melting point, Cp(1) was set equal to Cp of
high cristobalite. For A1203, properties of the solid were
taken from Berman
et al. tlsi
The melting temperature, as
well as AH~f,s and A~,, at the melting point, was taken
from Barin
et al.,t2~
while Cp(l) was obtained from the
tabulated values of Barin9 I21] Below the melting point,
Cp(1) was obtained by adding to Cp(s) the expression for
ACp(fus) from Barin
et alJ 2~
For CaO, all data ior the
solid were taken from Berman
et al. ~I81
For reasons dis-
cussed previously, I~l we prefer the melting temperature
of 2572 ~ found in the older literature t221 to the higher
values given in the more recent literature. The enthalpy
of fusion at the melting point was taken from Kubas-
chewski
et al. I231
An expression for Cp(1) was obtained
from the tabulated data of Barin. t2~/ Below the melting
point, Cp(1) was set equal to Cp(S).
The thermodynamic properties of the other com-
pounds listed in Table I were obtained from the opti-
mizations, as discussed below. As a starting point, the
compilations of Berman
et al.
,t18.24.251
who have used lin-
ear programming to optimize thermodynamic and solid-
solid equilibrium data for a large number of oxides, were
invaluable.
IV. THE CaO-AI~O3 SYSTEM
The calculated optimized phase diagram is shown in
Figure 1. The first studies of this system 126271 indicated
the presence of four compounds: Ca3A1206, CasA16Ol4,
CaA120 4, and Ca3AlloO~8. Lagerqvist
et al., I2sl
in X-ray
808--VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
Table 1. Thermodynamic Properties Relative to Elements at 298.15 K
H(J/mol
-') = A
+
CvdT
S(J/mol-' K-')
= B
+
(CJT)dt
98.15 298.15
Cp(J mol -i K -l) = a + b (10 -3) T + c (10S)T -2 +
dT -I/2 +
e(10S)T -3 + f(10-6)T 2 + g(10-9)T 3
A B a b c d e f g
896795.9 50.82911 83.51360 - 24.55360 - 374.6930 2.800722
- 926635.5 9.91714 85.77200
1596353.2 43.56903 179.36549 - 9.19225 4.090836
- 1693605.9 - 53.06981 192.46400
- 555594.0 65.69076 58.79117 1.029788
578234.8 41.16108 62.76000
- 910699.9 41.46000 80.01199 4.915684
910702.7 41.45142 80.01199 8.44002 4.915684
908626.8 44.20680 80.01199 4.915684
907045.1 45.52370 75.37267 9.582461
906377.2 46.02880 83.51360 2.800722
1675700.0 50.82000 155.01888 4.090836
635090.0 37.75000 58.79117 1.029788
2933326.3 167.79626 321.19000 0.975300
2306045.5 127.60999 209.68000 12.974800
2307009.1 123.63668 209.68000 52.05242 12.974800
2281886.7 143.24801 209.68000 12.974800
3942846.1 210.87364 339.91000 13.735900
1632579.4 81.81003 149.07266 4.843494
1628506.5 85.27880 141.15611 9.407350
3587266.9 204.17924 321.58000 6.612200
2324157.8 115.06001 227.04000 0.855400
- 3999688.9 177.82000 337.98000 15.106000
-10704185.8 388.91011 992.73500 37.470110
- 6819210.0 274.90000 634.81000 21.227400
- 4231594.1 200.18614 439.36938 - 3.170232
- 3985858.5 198.60000 373.08740 4.779118
- 3988652.1 189.21529 151.34740 369.50000 4.779118
210.06818 373.08740 4.779118
SiO2 (1) (298 to 1996 K)
SiO2 (1) (>1996 K)
AlzO 3 (1) (298 to 2327 K)
Al2Os (1) (>2327 K)
CaD (1) (2115 to 2845 K)
CaD (1) (>2845 K)
SiO2(Q) (298 to 373 K)
SiO2(Q) (373 to 848 K)
SiO2(Q) (848 to 1140 K)
SiO2(Tr) (390 to 1738 K)
SiO2(Cr) (535 to 1996 K) -
A1203 (s) (298 to 2327 K) -
CaD(s) (298 to 2845 K)
CasSiO5 (s) (298 to 2073 K) -
CazSiO4 (,8) (298 to 970 K) -
Ca2SiO4 (a') (970 to 1710 K) -
Ca2SiO4 (c0 (1710 to 2431 K) -
Ca3Si207 (/3) (298 to 1737 K) -
CaSiO3 (or) (298 to 1404 K) -
CaSiO3 (/3) (1404 to 1813 K) -
Ca3A1206 (298 to 1814 K) -
CaAI204 (298to 1877 K)
CaAI407 (298 to 2038 K)
CaAl12019 (298 to 2106 K)
A16Si20~3 (298 to 2163 K)
CaAl2Si2Os (298 to 1828 K)
Ca2AlzSiO7 (298 to 698 K)
Ca2A12SiO7 (698 to 1600 K)
Ca2A12SiO7 (1600 to 1868 K) - 3972868.8
9.75341 - 828.3870
llA7146 - 133.9040
- 35.46684 - 240.2760
- 35.46684 - 240.2760
- 35.46684 - 240.2760
59.58095
- 24.55360 - 374.6930
38.61363 - 828.3870
- 11.47146 - 133.9040
- 9.94800 -2450.2000
- 79.89400 - 701.9000
- 79.89400 - 701.9000
- 79.89400 701.9000
-106.61000 - 985.1000
- 36.59348 690.2950
- 58.57595 - 417.2320
- 57.81300 -1255.4000
5.60800 -1669.1000
-121.12600 -1022.2000
281.47800 5350.0300
-172.09900 -3373.5000
-3734. 1490
- 47.78466 -2276.7550
125.12814 -2276.7550
- 47,78466 -2276.7550
- 45.212700 60.550445
- 105.843347 53.805442
- 146.900000
<FmA~CIT>
2100
......... l ......... [ ......... I ..... ~"I
......... I ........ I ......... I ........ i ......... I .........
~, 2054o___>
2000
~o ~
~o
LIQUID
0.87
o
IBO0
17650
~
0.82
~8o4 o
18oo
15410 0.45
o
1400
~m
13620
1300
...... I ......... I ......... I ....
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0,5 0.6 0.7 0,8 09 t.0
CaO Mole
fraction AI01. 5
AIOI. 5
Fig. 1--Optimized CaO-AI203 phase diagram. Compositions in terms
of components CaO-A10~ ~.
studies, identified
CasA16014 as Ca12Al14033
and
Ca3Al10Ot8
as CaAI407, and reported the compound Ca3A132OsI. By
a microscopic study of rapidly chilled samples, this latter
compound was identified as CaAl120~9 by Filonenko and
Lavrov. t29j Its composition has been confirmed. 130.3u The
high-alumina portion of the phase diagram has been
studied several times 13~ with a considerable spread
in the results, which is probably related to whether the
experiments were performed in air or in moisture-free
argon atmospheres.
Nurse
et al.P41
used high-temperature microscopy under
controlled atmospheres to conclude that the compound
Ca12Al14033
is actually a hydrate, Ca12Al14032 (OH)2, and
is not present in the binary CaO-A1203 system. The same
controlled atmospheres were used in the study of the
complete system by Nurse
et
a/. pSI In this work, all four
compounds were reported to melt incongruently: Ca3A1206
at 1541 ~ to a liquid of 45.1 mol pct A1OIs; CaA1204
at 1604 ~ to a liquid of 66 mol pct A101.5; CaA1407 at
1765 ~ to a liquid of 80 mol pct A101.5; and CaAll2019
at 1833 ~ to a liquid of 85 mol pct AIO~.5. A deep
eutectic at 1362 ~ and 53.0 tool pct A1Oi.5 was found.
This eutectic temperature and composition have been
confirmed. 136]
Rolin and Pham p31 reported congruent melting of
CaA1204 at 1602 ~ Wisnyi t3~ reported congruent melt-
ing of
CaAl407
at 1748 ~ Eutectics were reported at
1599 ~ and 1725 ~ by Wisnyi and at 1592 ~ and
1778 ~ by Rolin and Pham. CaAl120~9 was reported to
melt incongruently at 1823 ~ by Wisnyi, while Rolin
and Pham reported incongruent melting at 1906 ~ and
an allotropic transformation at 1836 ~ The possible
nonstoichiometry of the compounds has apparently not
been investigated.
CaD activities in the liquid at 1500 ~ were obtained
from gas/slag equilibration studies of melts saturated with
CaS, pT1 and CaD and A1203 activities in the liquid were
obtained at 1787 ~ by Knudsen cell-mass spectrometry
measurements, pS~ Results were reported relative to the
solid standard state in both studies. Points plotted on
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993--809
Figure 2 were changed to the liquid standard state with
the Gibbs energies of fusion used in the present analysis.
The
Ce
values for all four compounds were taken from
Berman and Brown. p4,251 In the case of CaA1p_O19, the
values were calculated from the approximation formula
of these authors. The values of A/4~298 for
Ca3A1206
and
CaA1204 were reported by Coughlin. I391 These were
changed in the optimization by 356 and 2071 J/mol, re-
spectively. The value of AH~298 of CaAI4OT, reported by
Kubaschewski and Alcock, t4~ was changed by -599
J/mol. The values of S~98 for Ca3A1206, CaA1204, and
CaAI407 were reported by King. tnu Those of Ca3A1206
and CaAI204 were changed by -1.255 and 0.837 J/tool
K, respectively. The value of ~98 of
CaA1407 was
not
changed. All of these changes of A/-/~298 and AS298 are
within the stated uncertainties. No values of M-/~298 and
~98 for CaAll2Ow have been reported, although esti-
mates are available, t421
Allibert
et al. pSI
and Kumar and Kay, 1431 using gal-
vanic cells with solid electrolytes, have measured the
Gibbs energies of the four compounds relative to CaO
and A1203 in the temperature ranges of 650 ~ to
950 ~
and 800 ~ to 1200 ~ (Values for
Ca3A1206
were reported only by Kumar and Kay). For CaAl~2Otg,
the difference between the present optimized values and
those of Allibert
et al.
is less than 0.75 kJ/mol, while
the values of Kumar and Kay lie 3 kJ/mol lower at
900 ~ For CaAl407 and CaA1204, the optimized values
are lower than those of Allibert
et al.
by 9 and 1 1 kJ/
mol, respectively, and lower than those of Kumar and
Kay by 1.4 and 5 kJ/mol, respectively. For Ca3A1206,
the optimized values are 9 kJ/mol lower than those of
Kumar and Kay.
The optimized quasichemical parameters for the liquid
phase are:
w = - 121164 - 353674YA4,O,, J/mol [14]
r/= -27.196 - 115.060y41o, 5 J/mol.K [15]
The large negative excess entropy, Eq. [15], is required
in order to reproduce the very
low [35'361
eutectic temper-
ature of 1362 ~
The thermodynamic analysis supports the congruent
melting of CaA1204 and CaA1407. The calculated activ-
ities in Figure 2 agree with the measured values within
experimental uncertainties.
The probable maximum inaccuracy in the assessed
diagram is estimated as -+25 ~ or -+2 mol pct.
V. THE A1203-SiO2 SYSTEM
The optimized A1203-SIO2 phase diagram is shown in
Figure 3. At 1 bar, the equilibrium diagram contains one
compound, mullite (A16Si2Ou). This phase was first
identified correctly by Bowen and Greig, ~44~ who re-
ported that it melts incongruently. An earlier study t26]
showed congruent melting at the sillimanite (A12SiOs)
composition. A number of earlier studies showed mullite
melting incongruently, L45-481 while others reported con-
gruent melting.t49'5~ Chaudhuri,1521 in a comprehensive
review, supports the results of Troemel
et al.,Is31
Davis
and Pask, 1541 and Aksay and Pask, t551 who showed that
either congruent or incongruent behavior can occur, de-
pending upon kinetic factors. Under equilibrium condi-
tions, it appears that incongruent melting is favored.
The present analysis is based upon the recent work of
Klug
et al.
,t561 who studied the region of the phase dia-
gram close to the melting point of mullite as well as the
non-stoichiometry of multite above 1600 ~ They an-
nealed their specimens in oxygen and analyzed the equi-
librium phase assemblages by optical microscopy, image
analysis, X-ray diffraction, and electron probe micro-
analysis. Selected experimental points are shown in
Figure 3. The range of homogeneity of mullite was found
to shift to higher alumina contents as the temperature
was raised. They reported a peritectic at 1890 ~ in-
volving mullite with a composition of 20.1 mol pct SiO2
(based on AlOe.5 and SiO2 as components).
At lower temperatures, the liquidus points of Aramaki
and Roy tS~ were chosen for the present optimization.
These were obtained in sealed noble metal containers to
0.7 ....
0.5
tJ
0,4
0.3
0.2 ~
0,t~
L-~
O0 ~
....
<FwAwCwT>
0 0
0
0 0
0.5 O.B 0.7 0.8
CBO
Mole
fraction
AIOI5
AIOI. 5
Fig. 2--Calculated activities of CaO at 1500 ~ (lower line) and at
1787 ~ (upper line) and of SiOz at 1787 ~ in liquid CaO-AI:O3
solutions. Experimental points: [] (Ref. 37) at 1500 ~ and O,
(Ref. 38) at 1787 ~
<F~A~C*T>
2100 ......... I ........ I ........ { ........ I ........ I ......... I ........ I ......... t ........ ~ .........
<
....
2054 e
2000 ~90 ~ LJOuIO
1400
i
1
S~ )
O _ O ~' 0.2 0 3 0 4 ,?,5 0.~- 07 0.8 09 I0
alO. a ~c. le eractlon S~O 2
SxO 2
Fig. 3--Optimized AI_,O3-SiO2 phase diagram. Compositions in terms
of components A10~.5-SiO> The metastable liquid miscibility gap and
spinodal curve are shown. Experimental points: [] (Ref. 50); and
O (Ref. 56).
810--VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
prevent losses of silica by volatilization. At higher tem-
peratures, the liquidus of Aramaki and Roy is consistent
with the data of Klug
et al.
near the mullite melting point.
A eutectic at 1587 -+ 10 ~ and 93 mol pct SiOz (on the
scale of Figure 1) was reported by Schairer and Bowen. t571
Terminal solid solubilities were assumed to be negligible.
MacDowell and Beall ts8) used electron microscopic,
X-ray diffraction, thermal expansion, and density mea-
surements to study the metastable region of liquid im-
miscibility at compositions between mullite and silica.
They schematically illustrated the possible form of a gap
extending from approximately 30 to 85 tool pct SiO2 and
indicated as a rough estimate that the upper consolute
point is located around 1650 ~ From their flattened
mullite liquidus, Davis and Pask t541 predicted a meta-
stable liquid miscibility gap at subliquidus temperatures.
In a more recent study, Jantzen
et al.
,t591 using ultrarapid
quenching from the melt and studying the kinetics of de-
mixing by small-angle neutron scattering, determined a
critical point at about 725 ~ and 56 mol pct SIO2.
The experimental difficulties in measuring liquid ac-
tivities are considerable due to the highly viscous melt.
Hence, the activity data obtained by Dhima
et al.lr~
were
not included in the optimization.
For stoichiometric mullite, heat capacities were taken
from Berman and Brown, I24"2sI while A/-/~298 and
S~298 were
taken from the JANAF tables, u~l No changes were made
to these values. The nonstoichiometry of mullite was de-
scribed by a general defect model similar to the Wagner-
Shottky model, t6~ The model was outlined previously. I11
In the present case, the energy parameters for the for-
mation of both majority defects were set to 121903 +
38.17T J/mol, with the constants /3~ = /32 = 1 (see
Reference 1).
For the liquid phase, the following optimized quasi-
chemical parameters were obtained:
to = 4800 + 100784y3io~
-
142068Y~io~ -
+ 78571y7io~ J/mol [16]
with r/ = 0. This gives small positive deviations in the
liquid, with a maximum integral excess Gibbs energy of
about 5 kJ/mol.
The calculated optimized diagram in Figure 3 repro-
duces the liquidus data well. The reported 1561 nonstoichi-
ometry of mullite is described very well. In the optimized
diagram, mullite containing 20.4 mol pct SiO2 melts
congruently at 1890 ~ The calculated eutectic is less
than 1 ~ lower at 19.4 mol pct SiO:. It was not pos-
sible, without producing an optimization that was judged
to be poorer overall, to make mullite melt incongruently.
In any case, the optimized diagram agrees with the data
of Klug
eta/. [561
within experimental uncertainties. Ac-
cording to the calculations, mullite is unstable with re-
spect to A1203 and SiO2 below 490 ~
The calculated metastable liquid miscibility gap and
spinodals are shown in Figure 3. The consolute point is
calculated at 1313 ~ at 61 mol pct SIO2. This temper-
ature is near the average of those reported, tsS,59j and the
composition is close to the reported t591 value of 56 mol
pct SiOz.
The probable maximum inaccuracy in the assessed
diagram is estimated as -+25 ~ for Xs~oz < 0.8 and -+10 ~
for Xs~o~ > 0.8.
VI. THE CaO-SiO2 SYSTEM
The optimization of this system was reported previ-
ously. I~l The calculated optimized phase diagram is re-
produced in Figure 4, and the optimized Gibbs energies
of formation of the compounds are listed in Table I.
Measurements of activities in the liquid were also con-
sidered in the optimization. The general defect model,
discussed in Section V, was used for the Ca2SiO4 phase.
The following optimized quasichemical parameters were
found:
w = -158218
-
37932Ysio2 - 90148Y~io2
+
439893y7io~ J/mol [17]
r/= -19.456 + 133.888yTiQ J/mol'K [18]
VII. THE CaO-AI203-SiO2 SYSTEM
The calculated optimized CaO-A1203-SiO2 phase dia-
gram is shown in Figure 5. A phase diagram was con-
structed by Osborn and Muan, t661 based upon critically
assessed data from several sources. This diagram is nearly
identical to the diagram in Figure 5 in regards to the
disposition of the primary phase fields, with the follow-
ing exceptions: a small primary field of CaL2A114033 was
shown on the diagram of Osborn and Muan, but, as ex-
plained in Section IV, this has now been shown to be a
hydrate; the phase field of Ca3SiO5 was shown as ex-
tending to the CaO-SiO2 binary, but consideration of the
most recent binary data indicates that this is not the
case; U/
a saddle point was shown between CaSiO3 and
Ca2AI2SiO7
which is not seen in Figure 5. A list of the temperatures
and compositions of all ternary invariant points, saddle
points, and congruent melting points from the assessed
diagram of Osborn and Muan is given in Table II. The
position of the (anorthite + corundum + CaAl120~9)
peritectic in Table II was taken from a later revision.t67~
Activities of SiO2 in the liquid slags were measured
by Rein and Chipman [68'69] at 1550 ~ and 1600 ~ by
equilibration with Fe-Si-C alloys in CO gas and by Kay
and Taylor I7~ at 1450 ~ 1500 ~ and 1550 ~ by mea-
surements of the equilibrium pressure in the reaction
<F~AWC*T>
2200
20600
2000
LIOUID 7
E ~ ~ o :
16oo
.... s,o o i
4 0 /4540 ~ 14650 C
st
I 47 1465 ~ Crist.->
&C?~-J 0'. 42
1 ~
Trld.-->
:
1400 ~ "
0.6J
1441 ~ S
,~oo~ % ~
t200
I I I
~... ~ ,, ......... t
......... I ......... I J
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 07 0,8 0.9 1.0
CoO Mole fraction SiO 2 SiQ 2
Fig. 4--Optimized CaO-SiO2 phase diagram, m Ex~nmental points:
9 (Ref, 62); & (Ref. 63); [] (Ref, ~); and ~ (Ref. 65).
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993-- 811
si%
(try)
f889 I~
f598
1689
f44f A
Ranklnlte
Ca3SI2l
Ca2SI04
(zl~) .
Ca3SlOs
li~
CaSlO z
(te~)
15411
A16512013
(la~)
-
154t ) ~,782 -1597
CaO
Ca3AI 20 s CaAI2 04
(~?2] J 06~)
Ca3AIzO s ~'-
Ca2 SIO 4
Weight %
Fig. 5--Optimized CaO-AI:O3-SiO: phase diagram. Temperature in ~
lr~ lass
AI20 3
CoAl407
CaA1120ig
(zes4)
0 rs6)
SiO2 + 3C = SiC + 2CO. Results of Rein and Chipman
at 1600 ~ and of Kay and Taylor at 1550 ~ are repro-
duced in Figures 6 and 7. The experiments of Rein and
Chipman were repeated for very low SiO2 activities by
Ozturk and Fruehan, [7~1 who obtained an isoactivity line
for asio2 = 10 4 at 1600 ~ at SiO2 contents about 3 wt
pct higher than the line shown in Figure 6. Activities of
CaO in the slag at 1500 ~ were measured by Kalyanram
et al. t721
by gas/slag equilibration. Their results are re-
produced in Figure 8.
Thermodynamic properties of anorthite (CaAI2Si208)
and gehlenite (CaA12SiOT) were taken from Berman and
Brown. [24,25j The values of 2~/~298 for these compounds
were subsequently adjusted by -2864 and +2299 J/tool
in the optimization.
In order to reproduce the data within experimental error
limits, two small ternary parameters were required in the
quasichemical equations for the liquid. These were found
by a nonlinear least-squares program written for that pur-
pose. itTl To the value of (.O(Ca_Si) in the binary system from
Eq. [17], the ternary term -88144
(YA~olJ(Ycao +
YAIO,.,)) 2 J/tool was added. To the value of W(A~-Si) in the
binary system from Eq. [16], the ternary term
-48668Ycao/(Yc,o +
YA~o,,) J/mol was added. No ter-
nary terms were required for
T~(Ca_Si), TI(AI_Si), (.O(Ca_AI),
or
T/(Ca Ai)-
A comparison of the calculated ternary invariant points,
Si02
,o,4 00, -;90
v v ~
CaO 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
A101.5
Mole %
Fig. 6--SiO_, Activities (solid standard state) in CaO-AI203-SiO2 slags
at 1600 ~ Compositions in mole pct of components CaO-A10] 5-
SiO,. -- Measured ~6~-~'~ and -- calculated.
812--VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
Table II. Comparison of Calculated Ternary lnvariant Points, Saddle Points, and Congruent Melting Points
from the Optimized Phase Diagram with Points from the Composite Experimental Diagram of Osborn and Muan. r661
Temperature Liquid Composition (Wt Pct)
Solid Phases Type of Point (~ CaO A1203 SiO2
expt congruent 1555
An calc congruent 1555
expt congruent 1595
Ge calc congruent 1595
expt eutectic 1347 9.9 20.0 70.1
An + Tr + Mu calc eutectic 1367 10.1 20.7 69.2
expt saddle 1370 10.8 19.7 69.5
An + Tr calc saddle 1369 10.9 19.9 69.1
expt eutectic 1172 23.1 15.0 61.9
An + Tr + Wo calc eutectic 1190 24.8 13.5 61.7
expt saddle 1309 33.9 19.0 47.1
An + Wo calc saddle 1301 35.6 16.6 47.9
expt eutectic 1267 37.9 20.1 42.0
An + Wo + Ge calc eutectic 1264 40.0 18.5 41.6
expt peritectic 1312 47.3 12.0 40.7
Wo + Ge + Ra calc peritectic 1282 43.7 15.8 40.5
expt peritectic 1317 48.9 11.8 39.3
Ca2SiO4 + Ge + Ra calc peritectic 1328 47.1 14.1 38.8
Wo + Ge expt saddle 1320 45.7 13.5 40.8
expt peritectic 1514 15.5 36.7 47.8
An + Co + Mu calc peritectic 1547 17.7 42.3 40.0
expt saddle 1549 19.2 39.7 41.1
An + Co calc saddle 1547 18.2 42.7 39.1
expt 1671 peritectic 1407 27.5 39.6 32.9
An + Co + CaAl12019 calc peritectic 1446 27.4 40.7 31.9
expt eutectic 1382 29.0 39.2 31.8
An + Ge + CaAl12019 calc eutectic 1392 30.7 37.1 32.1
expt peritectic 1472 31.2 44.6 24.2
CaAlaOv+CaAI12OI9 + Ge calc peritectic 1443 30.7 41.1 28.2
expt saddle 1387 30.0 37.1 32.9
An + Ge calc saddle 1392 30.8 36.9 32.3
expt saddle 1554 34.7 50.3 15.0
CaAI407 + Ge calc saddle 1572 34.6 50.6 14.8
expt eutectic 1502 37.5 53.1 9.4
CaA1204 + CaA1407 + Ge calc eutectic 1529 36.3 57.2 6.6
expt saddle 1514 37.7 52.9 9.4
Ge + CaAI204 calc saddle 1529 37.2 52.9 6.9
expt saddle 1547 49.7 23.8 26.5
Ca2SiO4 + Ge calc saddle 1548 50.3 23.8 26.9
expt peritectic 1382 48.0 42.3 9.7
Ca2SiO4 + CaA1204 + Ge calc peritectic 1461 49.3 37.0 13.6
Ca2SiO4 + CAA1204 +
"Ca12Al14033" expt eutectic 1337 51.8 41.8 6.4
CazSiO4 + CaAI204 + Ca3AlzO 6 calc eutectic 1335 51.7 45.6 2.7
expt peritectic 1472 59.6 32.9 7.5
CaO + Ca3SiO5 +
Ca3AlzO 6
calc peritectic 1445 60.1 30.0 9.9
expt peritectic 1457 59.5 33.0 8.5
CazSiO4 + Ca3SiO5 + Ca3A1206 calc peritectic 1438 59.6 31.0 9.4
CaO+CazSiO4 + Ca3SiO5 calc peritectic 1800 65.2 11.8 23.0
An = anorthite; Co = Corundum; Ge = gehlenite; Mu = mullite; Ra = rankinite; Tr = tridymite; Wo = pseudowollastonite.
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993--813
sio2
,o o ! 5so
o_s
v v v v v v v v v-~ 0
CaO go 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 AI 2 03
Weight %
Fig. 7--SIO2 activities (solid standard state) in CaO-AI203-SiO2 Slags
at 1550 ~ -- measured I68,691 and --Calculated.
-I 5oo~
f'J
40
60
10 20 30 40
AI2
0 3
Weight %
Fig. 8--CaO Activities (solid standard state) in CaO-AI~O3-SiO, slags
at 1500 ~ -- Measured 1721 and -- Calculated.
saddle points, and congruent melting points from the op-
timized phase diagram with those from the composite
diagram of Osborn and Muan t661 is shown in Table II.
The largest differences occur in those regions where the
experimental measurements are sparse and where there
is the greatest disagreement among measurements. At all
points, the agreement is within experimental error limits.
Calculated silica activities are compared with the ex-
perimental data in Figures 6 and 7. Again, agreement is
within experimental error limits, the accord between the
experimental and calculated values being generally as good
as that between the two sets of measurements. For
SiO 2
activities below 0.01, the calculated values are higher
than the reported values in Figure 6 at higher A1OLs/
CaO ratios. It is difficult to see how the SiO2 activities
could be as low as the reported 168,69,7H values, since ex-
trapolation to the SiO2-A10~ 5 binary would then result
in very low SiO2-activities in this system, contrary to the
binary assessment discussed in Section V.
The activity data of Kalyanram
eta/. [72]
in Figure 8
were not included in the least-squares optimization, be-
cause their results in the CaO-SiO2 binary system do not
agree well with the optimized CaO-activities in this bi-
nary. However, CaO-activities calculated from the op-
timized parameters agree very well with the data of these
authors in the ternary system as can be seen in Figure 8.
The probable maximum inaccuracy in the assessed dia-
gram is estimated as _+35 ~ or _+3 mol pct.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
Critical evaluations of all available reliable thermo-
dynamic and phase diagram data for the CaO-A1203 and
A1203-SIO2 binary systems have been conducted. Through
the technique of least-squares optimization, all data were
evaluated simultaneously to obtain one set of self-
consistent model coefficients for the Gibbs energies of
all phases as functions of temperature and composition.
The evaluations are valid from room temperature to above
the liquidus temperatures. For all compounds and the
liquid solutions, the present evaluations are considered
to give the most reliable currently available estimates of
the true values of the thermodynamic properties. The phase
diagrams, calculated thermodynamically from the same
optimized parameters, are considered to be the most re-
liable currently available estimates of the true phase dia-
grams. The modified quasichemical model was used to
represent the thermodynamic properties of the binary liq-
uid slags with a small number of parameters.
With these binary parameters and those from the op-
timization of the CaO-SiO2 system reported previ-
ously, m the quasichemical model was used to predict the
thermodynamic properties of the slag phase in the CaO-
A1203-SIO2 ternary system. Two additional small ternary
parameters were required to reproduce all available ter-
nary phase diagrams and thermodynamic data to within
experimental error limits.
The calculated optimized ternary phase diagram is
consistent with the ternary activity data, with the Gibbs
energies of formation of all compounds, and with the
most recent critically assessed phase diagrams of the three
binary subsystems. All isotherms and univariant lines have
been interpolated according to correct thermodynamic
principles. For these reasons, the calculated phase dia-
gram is considered to be the most reliable currently
available estimate of the true diagram.
In many ternary systems containing
SiO2
with two basic
oxides, very good predictions of the thermodynamic
properties of the slags and of the ternary phase diagrams
have been obtained with the quasichemical model by using
only parameters from the binary systems. I4,5,7-9,11'121 The
present calculations show that even in a system contain-
ing the amphoteric oxide
A1203,
quantitative results can
be obtained with only a very few small ternary parameters.
814--VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
The quasichemical model can be used to predict the
thermodynamic properties of multicomponent slags from
the optimized binary and ternary parameters. We are
currently evaluating and optimizing data on all sub-
systems of the SiO2-AI203-CaO-MgO-FeO-MnO-TiO2-
Ti203-ZrO2-Na20-K20- S system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada. The authors
are indebted to Paul Talley for the ternary graphics and
to Ping Wu for his help with all aspects of the work.
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816-- VOLUME 24B, OCTOBER 1993 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B